Everything about Global Empire totally explained
A
global empire involves the extension of a
state's sovereignty over territories all around the
world. For example, because of the
Spanish Empire's territories around the globe, it was often said in the 16th century that "
the sun never sets on the Spanish Empire." This phrase was later applied to the
Russian Empire and
British Empire.
Early empires
Earlier empires were largely confined to the
African and/or
Eurasian continents, or to the
American continents. Nations such as ancient
Egypt, the
Aztec Empire, the
Roman Empire, the
Inca Empire, and
China could in one sense be considered early
superpowers, but not global empires as herein defined.
Some of these early empires which spread across different continents include:
- The Persian Empire under the Achaemenids is considered by many to be the first early superpower, which once controlled all of Asia Minor, the Levant, Egypt, the Caucasus, and parts of India, Central Asia, and Greece.
- The short-lived Macedonian Empire under Alexander the Great became one after replacing Persian power.
- The Maurya Empire controlled much of the Indian subcontinent and parts of Central Asia
- The Chinese Empire at times controlled parts of Korea, Tibet, Mongolia, Central Asia and Vietnam
- The Sassanid Persian Empire who took power after overthrowing the Parthians, ruled all of Persia, reaching up to Egypt, India, Central Asia, the Arabian Peninsula and Africa.
- The Roman Empire covered most of Europe, North Africa, Asia Minor, the Levant, and parts of Mesopotamia.
- The Hunnic Empire
- The Islamic Empire under the Umayyad Caliphate was the largest empire in its time, stretching from Persia, Central Asia, and parts of India and Xinjiang in the east, up to Spain, Portugal and Morocco in the west.
- The Chola Empire based in South India and extended into North India and much of Southeast Asia.
- The Seljuk Empire
- The Mongol Empire stretched across Asia to Central Europe. It was the largest contiguous and second largest empire in world history, five times greater than the Macedonian Empire, much larger than the Persian Empire and Roman Empire, and twice as large as the Islamic Empire.
- The Timurid Empire under Timur included the whole of Central Asia, Iran and modern Afghanistan, as well as large parts of Mesopotamia and Caucasus.
- The Mughal Empire - the Timurids of India - ruled most of the Indian subcontinent and parts of what is now Afghanistan for several centuries until the British conquest of India.
- The Ottoman Empire controlled Asia Minor, Thrace, the Balkans, parts of Eastern Europe, Middle East, North Africa and stretched to the Yemen and Caspian Sea in Asia in its zenith.
Only after the
circumnavigation of the globe by
Ferdinand Magellan's expedition (1519-1522) could states begin to truly achieve a global presence.
European contenders
The first global empires were a product of the
European
Age of Exploration that began with a race of exploration between the then most advanced maritime powers,
Portugal and
Spain, in the 15th century. The initial impulse behind these dispersed maritime empires and those that followed was trade, driven by the new ideas and the capitalism that grew out of the European
Renaissance. Agreements were also done to divide the world up between them in
1479,
1493, and
1494.
Portugal began establishing the first global trade network and
empire under the leadership of
Henry the Navigator. Portugal would eventually establish colonial domains from
Brazil, in
South America, to several colonies in
Africa (namely
Portuguese Guinea,
Cape Verde,
São Tomé and Príncipe,
Angola and
Mozambique), in
Portuguese India (most importantly
Bombay and
Goa), in
China (
Macau), and
Oceania (most importantly
Timor, namely
East Timor), amongst many other smaller or short-lived possessions (see
Evolution of the Portuguese Empire).
During its
Siglo de Oro, the
Spanish Empire had possession of the
Netherlands,
Luxembourg,
Belgium, most of
Italy, parts of
Germany, parts of
France, and many colonies in the Americas, Africa, and Asia. With the conquest of inland
Mexico,
Peru, and the
Philippines in the 16th century,
Spain established overseas dominions on a scale and world distribution that had never been approached by its predecessors (the Mongol Empire had been larger but was restricted to Eurasia). Possessions in Europe, Africa, the
Atlantic Ocean, the
Americas, the
Pacific Ocean, and the
Far East qualified the
Spanish Empire as attaining a global presence in this sense.
From 1580 to 1640 the
Portuguese Empire and the
Spanish Empire were conjoined in a
personal union of its
Habsburg monarchs, during the period of the
Iberian Union, though the empires continued to be administered separately.
Subsequent global empires included the
French,
Dutch, and
British empires. The latter, consolidated during the period of British maritime hegemony in the 19th century, became the largest empire in history by virtue of the improved transportation technologies of the time. At its height, the
British Empire covered a quarter of the
Earth's land area and comprised a quarter of its population. By the 1860s, the
Russian Empire — continued as the
Soviet Union — became the largest contiguous state in the world, and the latter's main successor,
Russia, continues to be so to this day. Despite having "lost" its Soviet periphery, Russia has 12
time zones, stretching slightly over half the world's longitude.
Image:Portugal Império total.png|Anachronous map of the Portuguese Empire
Image:Spanish_Overseas_Empire_And_European_Realms_Anachronous.png|Anachronous map of the overseas Spanish Empire in red, and the Spanish Habsburg realms in Europe (1516-1714) in orange
Image:Iberian Union Empires.png|Map of the joint Spanish (red) and Portuguese (blue) Empires during the Iberian Union
Image:Dutch Empire35.PNG|Dutch colonies in the world at different times in history
Image:British_Empire_Anachronous_7.png|Anachronous map of the British Empire
Image:France_colonial_Empire10.png|Anachronous map of the French Empire
Image:Deutsche Kolonien.PNG|Anachronous map of the German Empire
Image:Imperio_Ruso.PNG| A map of the Russian Empire
List of global empires
British Empire
Dutch Empire
French Empire
German Empire
Portuguese Empire
Russian Empire (also as the Soviet Union)
Spanish EmpireFurther Information
Get more info on 'Global Empire'.
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